Break Bulk

Break-bulk cargo is general cargo that is loaded and discharged as individual pieces—bags, bales, boxes, crates, barrels, drums, reels of cable, steel coils, or timber bundles—rather than in standardised containers or as bulk commodities. The carriage of break-bulk is governed by SOLAS Chapter VI and the CTU Code, which address safe stowage and securing. Each piece must be individually secured against movement during sea passage; the Cargo Securing Manual specifies securing methods by cargo type. Break-bulk ships typically have 'tween decks and derricks or cranes to handle the variety of parcel sizes. The chief mate plans break-bulk stowage to achieve correct trim and stability, to prevent cargo damage through improper contact or crushing, and to facilitate discharge in port-of-call order—last-in, first-out loading. Dunnage is essential for distributing weight and protecting cargo surfaces from moisture. Cargo surveys by independent surveyors are common before loading and after discharge to document any damage for Hague-Visby Rules insurance claims. The OOW on watch monitors hold bilges during the voyage to detect water ingress that could damage hygroscopic cargoes such as coffee or sugar, and logs conditions in the cargo log.