Mandatory transit pilotage by Panama Canal Authority (ACP) pilots, who take con of the vessel from sea buoy to sea buoy.
Regulatory detail & full definition
Unlike most pilotage where the master retains ultimate authority, in Panama Canal transits the pilot has direct authority over navigation and engine orders. Two pilots per vessel for Neo-Panamax. Locks operations also use locomotives ('mules') for centring. Typical transit 8-12 hours; northbound and southbound convoys.