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Abandonment happens when a shipowner fails to pay wages for two months, fails to cover repatriation costs, or severs ties with the crew. Under MLC 2006 (2014 amendments, Standards A2.5.2 and A4.2.1), every flag state must require shipowners to maintain financial security for wages and repatriation. The insurer is named on the Certificate MLC-DMLC Part II posted onboard.
MLC 2006, Regulation 2.5 (repatriation) and 4.2 (shipowners' liability). Flag-state enforcement is the default route; port-state control can intervene under MOU frameworks.